08 May 2012
Reduction in diameter of blood vessel Caused by contraction of smooth muscle fibers in vessel Decreases blood flow past injured area & limits blood loss The most obvious hemostatic vascular reaction is constriction of the blood vessel after injury. This is important in large arteries because platelet adhesion and clotting are insufficient to arrest bleeding. [...]
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18 April 2012
Adhesion The first step in the initiation phase of thrombus formation involves plasma von Willebrand factor (VWF) binding to exposed collagen on the sub-endothelium of the damaged tissue while simultaneously binding to the platelet membrane glycoprotein. Platelets also bind directly to collagen. This process results in a stable layer of platelets to facilitate the formation [...]
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14 April 2012
Deep Venous Thrombosis (DVT) Deep venous thrombosis is the formation of a blood clot in a vein that is deep inside a part of the body, usually the legs. Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) mainly affects the large veins in the lower leg and thigh. The clot can block blood flow and cause swelling and pain. [...]
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12 April 2012
Process by which fibrin is dissolved Ongoing process: Dissolves clots that form in intact vessels, reopening them Removes hemostatic clots from tissue as healing occurs This process is possible because activation of the clotting process also activates factors like XII (a) and promotes the release of plasminogen activators from vessel lining cells and white blood [...]
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11 April 2012
Synthesizes many coagulation factors: V, VIII, pro-thrombin, & fibrinogen Produces bile salts, needed for synthesis of some factors Produces heparin The liver plays an important role in the hemostatic process it is responsible for the synthesis of many of the coagulation factors. It produces bile salts needed for the absorption of Vitamin K, which [...]
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08 April 2012
Blood vessels that constitute the circulatory system include arterioles (the smallest arteries) and venules (the smallest veins) connected by capillaries (the smallest of all blood vessels). Blood cells, including red cells and platelets, normally have no tendency to adhere to each other or to the lining (endothelium) of the vessels. An injury too slight to [...]
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08 April 2012
Zymogens of Serine Proteases Activities Factor XII binds to exposed collagen at site of vessel wall injury, activated by high-MW kininogen and kallikrein Factor XI activated by factor XIIa Factor IX activated by factor XIa in presence of Ca2+ Factor VII activated by thrombin in presence of Ca2+ Factor X activated on surface of [...]
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08 April 2012
One of the ways to prevent or slow down the transmission of infectious diseases is to recognize the different characteristics of various diseases. Some critical disease characteristics that should be evaluated include virulence, distance traveled by victims, and level of contagiousness. The human strains of Ebola virus, for example, incapacitate its victims extremely quickly and [...]
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08 April 2012
Washing one’s hands, a form of hygiene, is the most effective way to prevent the spread of infectious disease. An infectious disease is transmitted from some source. Defining the means of transmission plays an important part in understanding the biology of an infectious agent, and in addressing the disease it causes. Transmission may occur through [...]
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08 April 2012
Among the almost infinite varieties of microorganisms, relatively few cause disease in otherwise healthy individuals. Infectious disease results from the interplay between those few pathogens and the defenses of the hosts they infect. The appearance and severity of disease resulting from any pathogen depends upon the ability of that pathogen to damage the host as [...]
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